Analysis of lysosomal enzyme activity and genetic variants in a child with late-onset Pompe disease / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical features, lysosomal enzymatic [acid α-glucosidase (GAA)] activities and genetic variants in a child with late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD).@*METHODS@#Clinical data of a child who had presented at the Genetic Counseling Clinic of West China Second University Hospital in August 2020 was retrospectively analyzed. Blood samples were collected from the patient and her parents for the isolation of leukocytes and lymphocytes as well as DNA extraction. The activity of lysosomal enzyme GAA in leukocytes and lymphocytes was analyzed with or without addition of inhibitor of GAA isozyme. Potential variants in genes associated with neuromuscular disorders were analyzed, in addition with conservation of the variant sites and protein structure. The remaining samples from 20 individuals undergoing peripheral blood lymphocyte chromosomal karyotyping were mixed and used as the normal reference for the enzymatic activities.@*RESULTS@#The child, a 9-year-old female, had featured delayed language and motor development from 2 years and 11 months. Physical examination revealed unstable walking, difficulty in going upstairs and obvious scoliosis. Her serum creatine kinase was significantly increased, along with abnormal electromyography, whilst no abnormality was found by cardiac ultrasound. Genetic testing revealed that she has harbored compound heterozygous variants of the GAA gene, namely c.1996dupG (p.A666Gfs*71) (maternal) and c.701C>T (p.T234M) (paternal). Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, the c.1996dupG (p.A666Gfs*71) was rated as pathogenic (PVS1+PM2_Supporting+PM3), whilst the c.701C>T (p.T234M) was rated as likely pathogenic (PM1+PM2_Supporting+PM3+PM5+PP3). The GAA in the leukocytes from the patient, her father and mother were respectively 76.1%, 91.3% and 95.6% of the normal value without the inhibitor, and 70.8%, 112.9% and 128.2% of the normal value with the inhibitor, whilst the activity of GAA in their leukocytes had decreased by 6 ~ 9 times after adding the inhibitor. GAA in lymphocytes of the patient, her father and mother were 68.3%, 59.0% and 59.5% of the normal value without the inhibitor, and 41.0%, 89.5% and 57.7% of the normal value with the inhibitor, the activity of GAA in lymphocytes has decreased by 2 ~ 5 times after adding the inhibitor.@*CONCLUSION@#The child was diagnosed with LOPD due to the c.1996dupG and c.701C>T compound heterozygous variants of the GAA gene. The residual activity of GAA among LOPD patients can range widely and the changes may be atypical. The diagnosis of LOPD should not be based solely on the results of enzymatic activity but combined clinical manifestation, genetic testing and measurement of enzymatic activity.

Late-onset Pompe disease: what is the prevalence of limb-girdle muscular weakness presentation? / Doença de Pompe de início tardio: qual é a prevalência na apresentação de fraqueza muscular de cinturas?

ABSTRACT Pompe disease is an inherited disease caused by acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) deficiency. A single center observational study aimed at assessing the prevalence of late-onset Pompe disease in a high-risk Brazilian population, using the dried blood spot test to detect GAA deficiency as a main screening tool. Dried blood spots were collected for GAA activity assay from 24 patients with "unexplained" limb-girdle muscular weakness without vacuolar myopathy in their muscle biopsy. Samples with reduced enzyme activity were also investigated for GAA gene mutations. Of the 24 patients with dried blood spots, one patient (4.2%) showed low GAA enzyme activity (NaG/AaGIA: 40.42; %INH: 87.22%). In this patient, genetic analysis confirmed two heterozygous mutations in the GAA gene (c.-32-13T>G/p.Arg854Ter). Our data confirm that clinicians should look for late-onset Pompe disease in patients whose clinical manifestation is an "unexplained" limb-girdle weakness even without vacuolar myopathy in muscle biopsy.

RESUMO A doença de Pompe é uma doença hereditária causada pela deficiência da enzima alfa-glicosidase ácida (GAA). Estudo observacional foi realizado, em um único centro, para determinar a prevalência da doença de Pompe de início tardio (LOPD) em uma população brasileira de alto risco, usando teste em gota seca (DBS) como ferramenta principal de triagem para detectar a deficiência da GAA. DBS foi coletado para avaliar a atividade da GAA em 24 pacientes com fraqueza muscular de cinturas "não explicada" sem miopatia vacuolar na biópsia muscular. As amostras com atividade enzimática reduzida foram também submetidas a análise de mutações no gene GAA. Dos 24 pacientes com DBS, baixa atividade da enzima GAA (NaG/AaGIA: 40.42; %INH: 87.22%) foi encontrada em um paciente (4.2%). Nessa paciente, a análise genética confirmou duas mutações em heterozigose composta no gene GAA (c.-32-13T > G/p.Arg854Ter). Nossos resultados confirmam que LOPD deve ser investigada quando a manifestação clínica é uma fraqueza muscular de cinturas "não explicada", mesmo na ausência de miopatia vacuolar na biópsia muscular.

Muscle biopsy in Pompe disease / Biópsia muscular na doença de Pompe

Pompe disease (PD) can be diagnosed by measuring alpha-glucosidase levels or by identifying mutations in the gene enzyme. Muscle biopsies can aid diagnosis in doubtful cases. Methods: A review of muscle biopsy from 19 cases of PD (infantile, 6 cases; childhood, 4 cases; and juvenile/adult, 9 cases). Results: Vacuoles with or without glycogen storage were found in 18 cases. All cases had increased acid phosphatase activity. The vacuole frequency varied (almost all fibers in the infantile form to only a few in the juvenile/adult form). Atrophy of type 1 and 2 fibers was frequent in all forms. Atrophic angular fibers in the NADH-tetrazolium reductase and nonspecific esterase activity were observed in 4/9 of the juvenile/adult cases. Conclusion: Increased acid phosphatase activity and vacuoles were the primary findings. Most vacuoles were filled with glycogen, and the adult form of the disease had fewer fibers with vacuoles than the infantile or childhood forms. .

O diagnóstico da doença de Pompe (PD) pode ser feito pela dosagem da enzima alfa-glicosidase ou pela mutação do seu gene codificador. A biópsia muscular pode ajudar em casos duvidosos. Métodos: Revisão das biópsias musculares de 19 casos de PD (forma infantil, 6 casos; infantil tardia, 4; e juvenil/adulto, 9). Resultados: Encontrados vacúolos em 18 casos, com ou sem depósito de glicogênio. Todos mostraram aumento da fosfatase ácida. Os vacúolos estavam presentes na maioria das fibras nas formas infantis, menos frequentes nas formas juvenil e mais raros nas formas do adulto. A atrofia de fibras dos tipos 1 e 2 ocorreram em todas as formas. Fibras atróficas na NADH-tetrazolium redutase e esterase não específica foram observadas em 4/9 das formas infantil tardia/adulta. Conclusões: Os dados mais frequentes foram vacúolos, preenchidos por glicogênio com atividade aumentada da fosfatase ácida. A forma adulta apresenta menor número de vacúolos que as formas infantil e infantil tardia. .

Doença de Pompe ou glicogenose tipo IIa / Pompe's disease or type IIa glycogenosis

This is the report of a five-month-old child presenting clinical evidence of Pompe's disease: severe hypotonicity, hyporeflexia and congestive heart failure. The ECG showed a short PR interval, the chest radiography disclosed marked cardiomegaly, and the echocardiogram revealed marked left ventricular hypertrophy - the most typical finding of this disease. A skeletal muscle biopsy led to final diagnosis, because in the histopathologic study marked increased glycogen accumulation was evident. Death occurred two months after symptom onset.

Diagnóstico clínico-bioquímico de la enfermedad de Pompe

La enfermedad de Pompe es una de las glicogenosis o enferemdad de depósito del glucógeno, que se transmite con carácter autosómico recesivo y es producida por la deficiencia de la enzima maltasa ácida que degrada glicógeno en los lisosomas. Se dintinguen tres tipos de enferemdad de Pompe : el tipo infantil que se acracteriza por la acumulación de glicógeno en el hígado, músculo esquelético y cardíaco y células del sistema nervioso central; los pacientes fallecen usaulamente antes de los dos años por falla cardiorespiratoria; el fenotipo juvenil se presenta en niños o jóvenes, no siempre involucra el sistema nervioso central o el músculo cardíaco y los pacientes fallecen generalmente durante la segunda década de vida; el tipo adulto cursa con distrofia muscular, algunas veces asociada con deficiencia respiratoria por compromiso de los músculos diagragma e intercostales. El pronóstico depende del grado de la falla respiratoria, la cual es causa principal de la muerte de estos pacientes. En este trabajo se informa el caso de un niño de seis meses de edad, afectado por cardiomegalia, retardo psicomotor e hipotonía. La confirmación bioquímica de la enfermedad se hizo determinando la actividad de la alfa-glucosidasa en leucocitos por dos métodos diferentes, usando como sustrato maltasa o el sustrato fluorescente 4-metil-umbeliferil-glucósido. La actividad de la maltasa ácida en leucocitos, usando maltosa como sustrato fue de 6,36Umol glucosa/min/g, con un valor de referencia entre 16-63 Umoles/glucosa/min/g de proteína. Con el sustrato fluorogénico, la activida en el paciente fue de 34.48 nanomoles/h/mg, de proteína, para un valor de referencia entre 194 y 258. La actividad en leucocitos tanto del padre como de la madre corresponde a un 60 por ciento del valor normal, hallado en personas en cuya familia no se sospecha dicha enfermedad.